A nuclear submarine is a submarine powered by a nuclear reactor.
The performance advantages of nuclear submarines over "conventional" (typically diesel-electric) submarine are considerable.
Nuclear propulsion, being completely independence of air, frees the submarine from the need to surface frequently, as is necessary for conventional submarines.
The large amount of power generated by a nuclear reactor allows nuclear submarines to operate at high speed for long periods of time; and the long interval between refueling grants a range limited only by consumables such as food.
Current generations of nuclear submarines never need to be refueled throughout their 25-year lifespans.
The high cost of nuclear technology means that relatively few states have fielded nuclear submarine.
- Extreme underwater endurance - it typically has fuel to last a decade or more. Water and oxygen can be produced on board. Endurance is presently limited by the food store and the sanity of the crew. There is a question about the chemicals used to remove carbon dioxide from the air. Overtime, CO2 can build up to a toxic level, regardless of the amount of oxygen available. Chemicals are used to “scrub” CO2 from the air. I am not positive, but I believe there is a way to “recharge” these chemical scrubbers (i.e. Force the chemical to release the CO2 to be available for reuse. CO2 gets ejected from the sub.).
- Lots of power - The tremendous power on tap allows a nuclear sub to travel above 30 kts continuously. Most diesel-electric subs have a top speed of a little over 20 kts and then, only for a short time.